Created by Mr. Twentyman
Time
Distance
Shielding materials ( + PPE, tools)
All to minimise exposure
Time for activity of substance to decrease by a half
Corrected count rate plotted against time --> decay curve --> Half life
All travel at 3 x 108ms-1
R, M, I, V, U, X, G
Detectors
Hazards
Industrial and Medical Application
v = f x wavelength (lambda)
measure in ms-1
d = v x t
Radio isotope tracers
Instrument sterilization
Radio therapy - cancer treatment
ALPHA
Beta
Gamma
Unique properties
Dist travel in Air
Penetration
Mass (AMU)
Charge
Ionisation Density
Deflection in fields
Transfer Energy
Longitudinal - sound
Transverse - everything else
Wavelength
Amplitude (Energy)
Wavespeed
Industrial - Power Generation, Non destructive testing, e.g. pipe welds; Process control - thickness monitoring
Medical
Number of atomic nuclei decays per second
A = N/t
Measured in Bequerels
Air
Solids & Liquids
340ms-1 in air
NDT
Pipe Weld checking
Process control
Isotopes
Ions
Mass and Atomic Number
Energy Instability
Oscilloscope to see waves
Repeating oscillation/vibration
Number of Waves per second
Spontaneous Fission
Induced Fission
Chain Reaction
Geiger Muller Tube & Counter
Film Badge
Scintillation Counter
Spark Gap
Cloud Chamber
Wavelength to diffraction link
Gaps and barriers
X ray diffraction
Radio reception in hilly areas cf TV reception
No of seconds per wave (T)
measured in seconds
f + 1/T and T = 1/f
Production of Ion
"Addition or loss of an electron from an atom resulting in a positive or negatively charged ion"
Ionisation density link to Types
Reactor Core containing
Fuel Rods - U235 and U238
Control Rods - Boron to absorb surplus neutrons
Moderator to slow neutrons to thermal (slow) speeds
Coolant to move heat to boiler/heat exchanger
All contained within Containment vessel
Small nuclei (Hydrogen) fusing to make Helium.
Very high temperature and pressure = engineering challenges
Mass difference = energy produced
Speed change possibly showing up as direction change.
Normal line for angle measuring
Optical density
H = D x WR
H = Equivalent Dose measure in Sieverts (Sv)
D = Absorbed Dose (Gy)
WR = radiation weighting factor (no units) dependant on type of radiation
Focal point and focal length
Determining the focal length of convex lens
Dispersion of white light via prism
Absorbed Dose (D) = Energy (E)/Unit Mass (m)
1 Gray = 1 Joule / 1 kilogram
Measured in Grays
Sources - natural and man-made/artificial
Range of human hearing
Infra sound & Ultrasound
Longitudinal wave requiring particles for energ transfer
Experiment to measure
340 ms-1
Echo problems!
Sound in a Vacuum!
1 mSv public
20 mSv radiation industry worker
H Dot = H/t
Sieverts per second/minute/hour/year/etc.
Ultrasound scanning
Depth finder
SONAR
Decibels (dB)
Range of examples
Ear defenders
Ear Plugs
Noise cancelling headphones - inverted sound